> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://ai4commsci.gitbook.io/formosanbank/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://ai4commsci.gitbook.io/formosanbank/the-bank-architecture/corpora/huteson-rukai-survey.md).

# Huteson (2003) Rukai Survey

This corpus contains the 29 Appendix B imitation-test sentences in Greg Huteson's 2003 survey: 14 Maga (`Maolin`) and 15 Tona (`Dona`) examples. Each has a natural source FORM, analyzed W forms, English translations, Ortho113 forms and generated phonology. Fifteen sentences have source morpheme analysis; fourteen have word glosses without an invented M tier. There are 103 W and 70 M. Eight word-gloss cells are blank in the source: seven stay unglossed and one carries a gloss inferred from the corpus's own usage, marked as inferred in the data. No audio is included.

***

## Corpus Statistics

|                           | <p>Rukai<br>Dona</p> | <p>Rukai<br>Maolin</p> |
| ------------------------- | -------------------- | ---------------------- |
| Word count                | 55                   | 48                     |
| Total audio               | 0                    | 0                      |
| Transcribed               | 0                    | 0                      |
| Untranscribed             | 0                    | 0                      |
| Translated words          |                      |                        |
| English                   | 55                   | 48                     |
| Mandarin                  | 0                    | 0                      |
| Japanese                  | 0                    | 0                      |
| Dutch                     | 0                    | 0                      |
| Morphologically segmented | 29                   | 23                     |
| Glossed words             | 29                   | 23                     |

***

## **Notes and Issues**

Four things a user should know before comparing this corpus with FormosanBank's other Rukai data. All are properties of the 2003 source, not defects in the port.

**Maga (Maolin) does not distinguish schwa.** Ortho113 gives Maolin a seven-vowel system, writing \[e] as `é` and \[ə] as `e`. Huteson's Maga transcription uses six vowel symbols and never writes `ə` at all, though he writes it 60 times in the Tona chapter. His `e` is therefore read as \[e] throughout and standardizes to `é`. Where the modern orthography has \[ə] in these words — `isierkɨ` 'sleep', spelled `sierkɨ` in ePark, is the clear case — the distinction is simply not recorded in this source, and the standard tier follows the author rather than reconciling him.

**Word-final vowels are written double.** All eleven doubled vowels in the Maga data are word-final (`ikee`, `knee`, `mamaa`, `broo` …); the Tona data has none in that position. The doubling is preserved as the author's, so the standard tier writes `ikéé` where the bank's other Maolin corpus writes `iké`. Of 41 Maolin word types, 23 match the bank's spelling directly and a further 7 match once word-final doubling is collapsed. Whether the doubling is phonemic length or predictable final lengthening is unresolved.

**The particle `na` is never glossed.** All seven occurrences are blank in the source's aligned display and no meaning has been coined for them: the word, and its morpheme where the sentence is parsed, carry a form and no translation. Seven further word-gloss cells are blank for the same reason, and Tona 9's `a-kakə` carries one fused source gloss `1S.TOP` for two morphemes without either being given an invented meaning. **One gloss is inferred, not from the source:** page 43 leaves the `ki` column of Tona 14 blank, and since every other `ki` in the corpus is glossed `NOM` and none is glossed anything else, `NOM` is supplied there and marked as inferred.

**Case marking differs from the bank's other Rukai sources.** Huteson glosses `ki` as `NOM`; ePark and the NTU Formosan Corpus gloss it `OBL` or `GEN`, never `NOM`. The source's own analysis is preserved.

***

## **Access Details**

The XML and reproduction files are maintained in the [FormosanBank repository](https://github.com/FormosanBank/FormosanBank/tree/main/Corpora/Huteson-Rukai-Survey). [The source archive](https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9008) identifies Huteson's report. This corpus covers its Appendix B, with all 46 PDF pages accounted for in the source inventory.

## **Corpus Processing**

The reviewed transcription preserves natural and analyzed lines separately, with stable example/page identities. The PDF's legacy embedded fonts require visual source review. The sentence tier uses the natural test-list line and the word tier the analyzed one, so the interlinear's hyphens appear at word and morpheme level but not at the sentence. Expert corrections to `ɖ` and the literal alternate translation in Tona 15 remain. Tona 9 retains printed `a-kakə` and the combined word gloss `1S.TOP`; no meanings are invented for its two individual morphemes. Four translation shorthands become same-sentence alternatives, and every gloss is the source's apart from the single inferred one noted above.

The source's writing system is registered as a scheme like any other: `Orthographies/Huteson/Rukai.tsv` maps its letters to IPA for the original phonology, and `Orthographies/ConversionTables/Rukai_Huteson_113.tsv` converts it to Ortho113 for the standard tier. It is a mixed system rather than plain IPA — `c` is \[ʦ] and `y` is \[j] — so the conversion table carries rules only where those two systems disagree.

The corpus's `CodeAndDocs/generate_xml.sh` rebuilds from committed transcription inputs and current shared cleaning, standardization and phonology tools. No private repository, source download or historical Git objects are needed. [Tool provenance](https://github.com/FormosanBank/FormosanBank/blob/main/Corpora/Huteson-Rukai-Survey/CodeAndDocs/provenance.json) records the actual build, without pinning later runs. [Reproduction and validation instructions](https://github.com/FormosanBank/FormosanBank/blob/main/Corpora/Huteson-Rukai-Survey/README.md) include the source-specific gloss findings and correction history.

## **Copyright**

**License:** CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

SIL's terms of use state: "Unless stated otherwise in the file or item description, all items are available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 Unported License." Attribution to Greg Huteson and SIL International, noncommercial use and ShareAlike distribution are therefore required. The corpus is also subject to FormosanBank's [Terms of Use](/formosanbank/additional-resources/terms-of-use.md) and [AI Use and Commercial Licensing](/formosanbank/additional-resources/ai-use-and-commercial-licensing.md).

## Citation

Under the [Terms of Use](/formosanbank/additional-resources/terms-of-use.md), cite FormosanBank and:

Huteson, Greg. 2003. *Sociolinguistic Survey Report for the Tona and Maga Dialects of the Rukai Language*. SIL International.